Results showed a signature associated with the passage of the widespread rain front over each GNSS station within the area of interest. The time variations in water vapor derived from a regional GNSS network with inter-station distances on the order of 50 km were analyzed, and the relationship between the time variations and the evolution of the rain events was evaluated. In collaboration with the environmental protection agencies of the Lombardy and Piedmont regions in northern Italy, we have collected and processed GNSS and weather station datasets for two heavy rain events: one which was spatially widespread, and another which was limited to few square kilometers. Water vapor information can be used to improve these forecasts. Localized convective rain forecasts are often misplaced in space and/or time, causing inefficiencies in risk mitigation activities. However, in order to support the activities of regional environmental protection agencies, there is a widespread need to improve forecasting of heavy rainfall events. ![]() ![]() GNSS atmospheric water vapor monitoring is not yet routinely performed in Italy, particularly at the regional scale.
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